On Children’s Health and Physical Development

The role of nutrition and exercise in the health and physical development of children in the birth to two age range. And the educational implications.

The birth to two age range is a critical period in a child's development, and nutrition and exercise play a vital role in their physical and overall health. Empirical evidence has shown that a child's diet and physical activity level during this stage can have long-term implications for their growth and development, affecting not only their physical health but also their cognitive and social-emotional development. Thus, it is crucial to examine the role of nutrition and exercise in this age range and understand its educational implications.

This review will explore the empirical evidence on the role of nutrition and exercise in the health and physical development of children in the birth to two age range. It will examine how nutrition and exercise impact a child's physical development, including their motor skills, bone density, and body mass index (BMI). Additionally, it will investigate how these factors impact a child's cognitive development, including their learning, memory, and attention. Finally, it will discuss the educational implications of the research findings, providing insight into how early childhood educators can promote healthy nutrition and exercise habits in children to support their overall development.

NUTRITION AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT:

Research has shown that proper nutrition is essential for healthy physical development in children. Adequate nutrient intake during the birth to two age range is necessary to support a child's growth, bone development, and muscle development. A study by Fewtrell et al. (2008) found that children who were breastfed for a more extended period had higher bone mineral content than those who were breastfed for a shorter time. This suggests that breastfeeding provides essential nutrients that support bone development during this critical stage. Additionally, a study by Bautista-Castaño et al. (2013) found that a higher intake of fruits, vegetables, and dairy products in children aged 12-24 months was associated with a lower risk of being overweight or obese at four years old.

EXERCISE AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT:

Physical activity is also crucial for healthy physical development in children. Regular exercise during the birth to two age range promotes the development of motor skills, coordination, and bone density. A study by Janz et al. (2008) found that children who participated in physical activity had greater bone mineral density than those who were less active. Additionally, a study by Davis et al. (2011) found that infants who were given ample time to play and explore their environment had better motor development than those who were not. This suggests that providing infants with opportunities for physical activity and exploration can promote healthy physical development.

NUTRITION AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT:

Research has also demonstrated that proper nutrition is critical for cognitive development in children. Adequate nutrient intake during the birth to two age range is necessary to support brain development and cognitive function. A study by Anderson et al. (2008) found that infants who were fed a higher quality diet had better cognitive outcomes than those who were not. Additionally, a study by Grantham-McGregor et al. (2007) found that children who were stunted (i.e., had poor growth due to malnutrition) had lower IQ scores than those who were not. This suggests that proper nutrition is necessary for optimal cognitive development in children.

EXERCISE AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT:

Physical activity has also been shown to have positive effects on cognitive development in children. Regular exercise during the birth to two age range promotes the development of cognitive skills, such as attention, memory, and learning. A study by Hillman et al. (2014) found that children who participated in regular physical activity had better academic achievement than those who did not. Additionally, a study by Diamond and Lee (2011) found that physical activity increased the development of executive function skills (e.g., working memory, inhibition) in children.

In conclusion, nutrition and exercise play a vital role in the health and physical development of children in the birth to two age range. Empirical evidence supports the importance of providing a balanced and nutritious diet, physical activity, and adequate sleep for the optimal growth and development of children. The educational implications of this research are significant, highlighting the importance of educating parents and caregivers on the importance of proper nutrition, physical activity, and sleep for children's health and development.

It is clear that early childhood is a critical period for establishing healthy habits that can impact a child's long-term health outcomes. Therefore, early childhood educators and healthcare professionals have a responsibility to promote and encourage healthy behaviors for young children. By providing parents and caregivers with information and resources and creating supportive environments for healthy eating and physical activity, we can help ensure that children have the best possible start in life.

Further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms by which nutrition and exercise impact the health and development of young children. Additionally, more attention should be given to addressing the socio-economic and cultural factors that impact access to healthy food and physical activity for families. By addressing these factors, we can work towards creating a more equitable and healthy future for all children.

Photo courtesy; Save the Children Bhutan

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